Строительный блокнот  Introduction to electronics 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 [ 291 ] 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300

Index

Air gap

in coupled induclor, 529, 551, 553

in flyback Iransformer, 530,559

in inductor, 499-501, 525-526, 539-542, 544

in transformer, Ш Л(П1НПООО turns), 545 American wire giiuge (AWG)

data, 86S-869

design examples, 557, 560, 575, 580 Amorphous alloys, 507 Amperes law, 493-494

Amp-second balance {see Capacitor charge balance) Apparent power, 598 Arltftctal ramp circuii, 446

effect on СРЫ boo.sl )ow-harmonic reclifier, 654-656

effect on line-lo-oulput Iransfer funclion of CCM

buck, 466-469 effect on small-signal CCM models, 459-466 effect on smitU-signal DCM models. 473-180 effect on slabiliiy ol CPM controllers, 4+4-449 Asymptoies (see Bode plots)

Audiosuscepttbilttj <J,j,(>) (see Line-tc)-outpul transfer fanction)

Average current control feedforward, 650-652 in low-harmonic recdfier systems, 64Я-654 modeling of, 652-654

Averaged switch modeling, 226-247

of current-programmed CCM converters, 454-459 of currenl-programmed DCM converters, 473-480 in discondnuous conduction mede, 410431 equivalent circuit modeling of conduction losses, 242-244, 816-818

equivalent circuit modeling of switching )os.se.s,

244-247 examples

nonideal buck converter, 244-247

nonideal buck-boost converler, 242-244

CCIVI SEPIC, 228-235 of ideid CCM switch networks, 226-241, 815-816,

822-825

ol ideal DCM switch networks, 416, 822-S25

of quasi-resoreinl converters, 768-790 Average power

and Fourier series, 590-593

modeled by power source element, 414-418, 454-459, 47380

in nonsinusoidal systems, 590-603

predicted by averaged models, 56

power factor, 594-598

sinusoidal phu.sor diagram, 598-599 Averaging

approximation, discussion of, 189-190, 194-196

averaged switch modeling, 226-247

basic approach, 192-204

capacitor charge balance, 21-22

circuit, 226-247

lu find dc component, 5, 14

flyback ac model, 209-218

inductor volt-second balance, 20-21

introduction to, 187-192

modeling efficiency and loss via, 56

to model reclifier oulpul, 66S-670

(o model 3o converters, 685-690

of quasi-resonanl converters, 768-790

stale-space. 213-226

Ballast, electronic 705-707



Ijidex

reotiiLnl inverter design, 726-740 Battery charger, S, 70 B-H ioop

in an ac indnclur, 527-528

in a conventional transformer, 148, 528

in a coupled inductor, 529-5ЗД

in a filter inductor, 526-527

in il flyback Iransformer, 530-531

modeling of, 494-495 Bidirectional dc-dc converters, 70 Bipiilarjunction transistor (BJT)

breakdown mechanisms in, 85-86

construction and operation of, 81-86

current crowding, 84-85

Darlington-connected, 86

idealized switch characlerislics. 65-66

On resistance, 52, 8J-82

quasi-saturaticn, 82, 85

storage time, 84

stored minority charge in, 81-85 switching waveforms, 82-84 Bode plots [see also Haimonit trap fdters, Sinusoidal approx.Jmation)

asymptote analytical equations, 281 CCM buck-boost example, 294-299 combinadons, 278-281 complex poles, 282-286 frequency inversion, 277-278 graphical construction of, 302-317 addition. 303-307

closed-loop transfer functions. 337-340

division, 311-313

parallel combination, 308-310

parallel resonance, 309-310

series resonance, 305-307 impedance graph paper, 310 nonmininium phase zero, 276 reactance graph paper, 310 real pole, 269-274 real zeni, 275 RHP zero, 276

transfer functions ofbnck, boost, huck-boost, 300 Body diode [see MOSFET)

Boost converter [see also Bridge tonfiguralion. Push-pull isolated converters} active switch utilization in, 173, 676 averaged switch model, DCM, 419-420 circuit-averaged model, 235-239 current-programmed

averaged switch model, CCM, 455456

averaged switch model, DCM. 477

small-signal ac model, CCM, 458459, 460463,

469-470

s-mall-stgnaJ ac model, DCM, 478-480 as inverted buck converler, 132-133 as low-harmonic rectifier, 642-646, 648-663 , 666,

674-685, 832-834 nonideal analysis of, 42-49, 52-56 quasi-resonant ZCS, 778-779 simulation example, 832-834 small-signal ac model

CCM, 204-205, 252-253 DCM, 424-429 steady-stale analysis of,

CCM, 22-27

DCM, 117-124 transfer functions, CCM, 300 Bridge configuration (dc-dc converters) boost-derived full bridge, 165-166 buck-derived fall bridge, 149-152 buck-derived half bridge. 152-154 lull bridge transformer design example, 576-580 minimization of transformer copper loss in, 549-550 Bridge conligiiration (inverters)

.single phase, 7-S, 138-141, 143-145 three phase, 70, 141-143 Buck-boost converter {see also Flyback converler) averaged switcli model, DCM, 410-420 as cascaded buck and boosl converters, 134-136 current-programmed

averaged switch model. DCM. 473-477

more accurate model, CCM, 461-463

simple model, CCM, 450-454

small-signal ac model, DCM, 478-480 dc-3oac inverter, 71-72 DCM characteristics, 1 12. 124-125,420 as low-harmonic recdfier, 645-646, 650 manipulation of ac model into canonical form, 250-

nonideal, stale-spate averaged model of, 221-226 nimtnverting vers-ion. 135, J43-144 as rotated three-lerminal tell, 137 simulation of, 819-822

small-signal ac model, CCM, 204-205, 252-253 small-signal ac model, DCM, 420425 transfer funtlions, CCM, 294-31Ю transformer isolation in, 161-165 Buck converter {see also Bridge configuration. Forward Converler, Push-pull isolated tonverters), 5-6, 13-22, 31-33

active swiich utilization in, 173 averaged switch model, 239-241 turrenl-programmed

averaged switch model, CCM, 454457



averaged swilch model, DCM, 477-478

smiill-signal ac model, CCM, 453, 462, 466-470

small-signal ac model, DCM, 477-80 eqiiLvalenl circuit modeling ol,

small-signal ac, CCM, 204-205 , 253

small-signal ac, DCM, 424-426

sleitdy-sUtte, CCM, 50-52

steady-state, DCM, 420 as high power lactor rectifier, 646 multi-resonant reattzattijn, 784-786 ijuasi-sijuare-wave resonant reatiialions, 787-790 [juasi-resonant realizations

zero current switching, 708, 768-782

zero voltage switching, 7ЯЗ-7Я4 simulation examples

current programmed control, 837-839

voltage regulator, 827-831 small-signal ac raoJel

CCM, 204-205, 253

DCM, 424-427 Hteady-slale analysis of

CCM, 13-22, 31-33. 50-52

DCM, 111-117, 418420 Hwtlchtng loss in, 93-100, 244-247 employing synchronous recdlier, 73-74 transler luactioas, CCM, 300 13uck converter, 145-146 Buck 3b inverter (see Voltage source inverter)

Canonical circuit model, 248-253

manipulation intocanonica! form, 250-253 parameters Cor buck, boosl, buck-boost, 253 physical development ol, 248-250 iransfer fuuciions predicted by, 248-250

Capactiur amp-second balance (.iff Capacitor charge balance)

Capacitor charge balance

boost converter example, 24-25 (Tllk converter example, 29-30 definition, 21

in discontinuous conduction mode, 1)5

nonideal boosl converter examples, 44, 54 Capacitor voltage ripple

boost converler example, 26-27

buck converler example, 31-33

in converters containing two-pole fillers, 31-33

Cuk converler example, 30-31 Cascade connection of converters, 134-137 Characteristic value CX (current programmed mode),

445, 448

Charge balance (see Capacitor charge balance) Circuit averaging {see also Averaged switch modeling).

22(-247

averaging slep, 229-231 examples

buck, 239-24!

boost, 235-239

SEPIC, 228-234 linearization, 232-235

obtaining a lime-invariant network, 228-229 summary of 226-227 Commulalttn failure, 621 notching, 622

in 3b phase controlled rectifier, 620-622 Compensators (see also Control system design) design example, 354-362, 827-831 lag, 351-353 lead, 348-351, 358-359 PD, 348-351,358-359 P], 351-353

PID, 353-354, 359-362 Complex power, 598, 620 Comparer puwer supply, 7-3 Computer spreadsheet, design using, 174-176 Conduction loss Ые Copper loss. Semiconductor conduction loss) Conductivity modulation, 74-76, 78, 82 , 83, 87 , 89 Control system design (see also Compensators, Negative feedback), 331-376 compensation, 348-354

coastrucltoa ot closed-loop transfer functions, 334-340

design example, 354-362, 827-831 for low-harmonic rectifiers

approaches, 648-663, 668-673

modeling, 652-653, 66S-673 phase margin

lest, 341-342

vs. closed-loop damping factor, 342-345 stability, 340-347 voltage regulator

block diagram, 332-333, 336, 355-357 design specifications, 347-348 Conlrol-to-output transfer function

as predicted by canonical model, 248-250

of CCM buck, boost, and buck-buost converters, 300

of current programmed converters, 453, 458459,

464472, 480 of DCM converters, 426-427, 433 input filter, effect on, 380-382 Conversion ralio M (see also Switch conversion ratio p.) of boost, 16, 24, 123, 420 of buck, 16, 116-117, 420



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 [ 291 ] 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300