defitiitioti, 598-599

in harmonii; Irap fillers, 628

in phase-controlled rectifiers, 619-620

Reciprocity relationship Isee aho Extra element theorem), 736, 845

Reclifiers (see also Ideal rectifiers. Low harmonic rectifiers), 1

energy storage in single-phase, 663-668 high quality, 589 ideal, 637-640 line-commLnated

phase contrul of, 617-622

single-phase, 597,609-615

three-phase. 6t5-6l7

three-phase Iransformer connecliims in. 628-630 twelve pnlse, 628-630

in resonant dc-dc converter, 711-713, 718-719 Regulator system (see also Control system de.sign),

187-188,331-334, 665-666 Reluctance, 498 Resonance

Bode plots of coraplex poles, 282-286

damping of, 391-398

graphical construction examples, 305-313

harmonic traps, 622-628

the low-(J approximation, 287-289

parallel resonant network, 309-310

series resonant netwurk. 305-307 Resonant converlers (see also Quasi-resonant converters, Mulli-re.sonanI converters, Quasi-sqiiare-wave

converters. Zero vollage transition converler), 705-

analysis of, via sinusoidal approximation, 709-713 LCC. 705-706, 73 1-733, 737-740 parallel, 705-706, 718-722, 731, 733 resonant link, 707

series, 705-707, 709-718, 722-726, 733, 741-748

Re.souanl inverlers, design of. 726-740 LCC design example, 737-740 output characteristics, 727-729 transistor current, dependence on load. 729-733 ZVS boundary, dependence on load, 734-737

Resonani link converters, 707

Resonant switches [see Quasi-resonant converlers, Mullt-resonanl switch, Quasi-scjuare-wave converters)

Right half-plane zero

Bode plol of, 276

caused by inpul filter, 390

physical origins of, 300-302 Ripple, swilching. 15-19. 108-110, 188-190 Root mean square value

of commonly-observed converler wavefotms, 805-812

vs. Fourier series, 593-594 uf near-ideal rectifier currents, table of, 677 uf near-ideal reciifier waveforms, 673-678 Rotation of three-terminal cell, 137

Saturation

of inductors, 497-498, 501

of magnetic materials, 494-495

oflransformers, 152, 503-504 Scholtky diode, 74, 77 Semiconducior conduclion kiss

boost converter example, 52-56

inclusion in ac model. 204-213, 221-226, 242-244, 816-822

with Synchronous rectifier, 73-74 Semiconductor cost, 173-174

Semiconductor power devices (see also Bipolar junclion transistor. Diode. Gate turn-off Ihyrislor, Ins-lated-gale bipolar Iransistor, MOS-conlrolled thyristor, Scholtky diode, Silicon controlled rectifier), 63-102

charge control of, 74. 76 81-84. 94-95, 99 conductivity mudulaliun, 74 majority vs. minority carriers, 74 realization of switches using, 63-74

SEPIC [see Single-ended primary inductance converler)

Series pass regulator, 4

Series resonant converter

analysis via sinusoidal appruximation, 709-718 dependence of transistor currenl on load, 733 exact characlerislics

continuous conduclion mode, 741-743 control plane, 746

even disconlinut>us conduction mode, 744-745 odd dtsconltnuoas conduction mode, 743-744 Outpui plane, 747-748

inlruduclion to. 705-707

subharmonic modes in, 717-718

zero-currenl switching in, 722-723

zero-voltage switching in, 723-726 Silicon area [see Swiich stress) Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)

con.stjuction and characteristics of, 88-92

equivalent circnit, 89

inverter grade, 90 Silicon sleel, 495. 507 Simulation. 813-842

ac, 825-827, 829-S3 1, 837-839

averaged switch models

basic CCM, 815-816

CCM wilh conduclion losses, 816-818

combined CCM/DCM, 822-825 currenl programmed conlml model, 834-837 de, 818-819 examples

boosl reclifier, 832-834

biEck-boosl iransient response, 819-822

buck currenl programmed control, 837-839

buck voltage regulator, 827-831

SEPIC dc conversion rdtio and efficiency, 818-819

SEPIC frequency responses, 825-827 transient, 819-822, 830-831, 833-834 Single-ended primary inductance converler (SEPIC), 35-36, 145-146 averaged switch miKle! of

continuousconduclionmode,228-233,825-827 discontinuoiLS ct)nduction mode, 418-420, 825-877

conversion ralio M{D) 145-146, 420

inverseof, 145-146, 168-171

as low-harmonic rectifier, 645, 676-677

simulation of 818-819, 825-827

tran.sformer isolation in, 168-171 Single quadrant switch

definitions. 63-64

implenienlalion, 65-67

origins ofDCM. 107-112 Sinusoidal approximation, 709-713 Sinusoidal PWM, 689-690 Skin elfecl Ые al.wi Proximity effect), 508-510 Sk compensation Uee Artificial ramp) Small ripple approximation {see also Averaging)

in ac modeling approach, 192-193, 218-219

and average powerloss, prediction of, 55-56

boost exaraple, 22-27

biickexample, 17-18

Cllk converter example, 27-31

definhion, 15-17

in discontinuous conduction mode, 112-114

failure of, in IwD-pole fillers, 31-33 Small-signal ac mt)deling

via averaged switch modehng, 226-247,410-433, 454-459

via circuU averaging, 226-235

nfCCM converters, 187-264

of currenl programmed converters, 449-480

of DCM converters, 420-433

of low harmonic rectifiers, 668-673

via state-space averaging, 213-226 Snubbernelworks, 85, 92,97, 764-765,767

Soft switching (see also Zero current switching, Zero

voltage switching), 761-802 Spacecraft power system, 8 Spice {see Simulation) Spreadsheet design of converters, 174-176 State equations of anetivork, 213-216 State-space averaging, 213-226

discussion, 217-221

example; nonideal buck-boo.st converler, 221-226

summary ofresull, 216-217 Steady state

inductor current waveform, 18-22

operating point, 190-191, 198,217 Subbarmonic

modes of serie.s resonant converler, 717-718

number, 740-741 Switch

averaged modeling of, 226-247,410-431,454-459 current-bidirectional Iwo-quadranl. 67-70 four-quadrant. 72-73

ideal SPITT in converters, 4-7. 13-14. 16 22, 27 ideal SPST, 63-64 passive vs. active, 65, 90 powerdissipaled by ideal, 5,14 quasi-re.sonanl, 781-790

realization of using semictmduclor devices, 63-74

single-quadrant, 65-67

synchronous rectifier, 73-74

voltage-bidirectional Iwo-quadranl, 71-72 Switch conversion ralio (J.

boosl converter example, 778-779

combined CCM/DCM model, 822-824

definition, 770, 823-824

of multi-resonant switch, 784-786

of quasi-resonant switches full-wave ZCS, 780-781 full-wave ZVS. 783 half-waveZCS, 776-779 half-wave ZVS, 783

of quasi-square-wave switches, 787-790 Switch network, 227, 235-241

boosl, 235-239. 241, 424-425, 816

buck, 239-241,424-425, 454-455, 816

general two-swilch, 228, 230, 233-235, 241,410-411,416,473-474,815 Switched mode, 3-7 Switching frequency

converler efficiency vs., 10О-Ю1

definition of, 14

transformer size vs., 576 Switching harmonics {see also Ripple, switching), 5-6

removal of via averaging, 188-190

Switching kws {see alio Soft swilching, Zero currenl swilching. Zero vollage switching) averaged switch modeling of, 244-248 with clamped inductive load, 93-% and current tailing, 94-96, 768 and device capacitances, 98-100, 766 and diode recovered charge, 96-97, 99-100, 763-765 effect on converter efficiency, 100-101 and ringing wavefornis, 98-100, 763-767 and stray inductances, 98-100, 764, 766-767

Swiich stress S. 171-174

Swiich utiliialion U, 171-174

Synchronous reciifier, 73-74

Temperature rise in a converter, 2-3 in magnetics, 864

Thyristor [nee Gale turn-off Ihyrislor, MOS-conlrolled thyrislEir, Silicon controlled reciifier)

Topologies of converters [see also Boost, Bridge configuration, Buck, Buck-boost, Cuk converler. Forward converter. Transformer-isolated converters, etc.)

Cascade connections, 134-137

Converter synthesis, 143-146

Differential connection of load, 138-143

Evaluation and comparison, 171-176, 676-678

Inversion of source and load, 132-133

Low-hamioriic single-phase rectifiers, 640-648

Resonani converters, 659-664

Resonant swiich converlers, 781-790

Rotation of three-terminal cell, 137

Transformer isolation, 146-171 Total harmonic disioriion (THD)

of current-priigrammed rectifiers. 655-656

definition, 596

vs. disiordon factor, 596-597

lEEE-519 limits, 604-605

of peak detection rectifier, 597-598

of single-phase bridge rectifiers, 597-598, 610-615

of three-phase bridge reclifiers, 615-617, 619 Transfer functions (see also Bode plots)

of the buck, boost, and buck-boosl converters, 300

of current programmed converters, 453-454, 470-473, 837-839

of DCM Cdnverters, 427-433, 830

graphical conslrucdon of, 302-317

inpul filter, effeci on, 379-392

of low-harmonic reclifiers, 668-673,

measurement of, 317-318

predicted by canonical model, 248-250, 300

simuladon of. 825-831, 837-839

Transformer connections in Ihree-phase recdfiers, 628-630

Transformer-isolated converlers, 146-171 boost-derived lopologies, 165-168 Cvik converter, 170-171 evaluation and comparison of, 171-176 flyback, 161-165 forward, 154-159 full bridge buck-derived, 149-152 half-bridge buck-derived, 152-154 multiple outputs and cross regulation, 147 push-pull buck-derived. 159-160 SEPIC, 168-169

transformer model, 147-149, 501-505 use of volt-second balance in, 14S-149, 151-152 Transformers

B-H кюр in. 148, 503. 528 design of,

derivation of prEjcedure, 565-570

examples, 573-580

step-by-slep procedure, 570-573

winding area uptimizatiun, 545-550 flyback transformer, 161-165 leakage inductance, 149,501-505 magnetizing inductance, 147-149, 502-504 modeling of, 147-149, 501-505 SEPIC transformer, 168-169 voll-secEjnd balance in, 148-149, 151-152 Triplen harmonics

in three-phase four-wire networks, 600-601 in Ihree-phase inverter modulalion schemes, 690 in three-phase rectifier circuits, 615-616 in three-phase Ihree-wire networks, 601 TweKe-pulse recdfier, 629-630 Two-quadrant switches (see Switch)

Universal-input rectifiers, 665

Variable-speed ac drive, 8-9

Vultage CEjnversion rario [see Conversion ralio M)

Voltage injection, 364-367

Voltage-source inverter, 70, 142-143

Vuh-second balance [see Inductor voll-sec[)nd balance)

Walkins-Iohnson converler, 145, 167-168

inverse uf, 145

isolated push-pull, 167-168 Window area

all[)calion uf, lu minimize lulal copper loss, 545-550

definidon, 542

ferrile core tables, 863-867 Window ulilizalion facior K , 542